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Forest fires are a powerful and natural force that have long shaped Earth’s environment, affecting everything from air quality and land use to biodiversity and food security. While their terrestrial impacts are well recognized, their influence on the oceans is less widely understood but no less critical.

When vegetation burns, it releases particles and nutrients into the atmosphere—most notably iron—that can travel vast distances before being deposited into the ocean. This process fertilizes phytoplankton, microscopic photosynthetic organisms that play a vital role in absorbing atmospheric CO₂, akin to how farmland responds to fertilizer. This dynamic links wildfires directly to the oceanic carbon cycle and, by extension, the global climate.

A new study led by researchers at the Barcelona Supercomputing Center–Centro Nacional de Supercomputación (BSC-CNS) and ICREA, published in Nature Climate Change, sheds light on how climate change could amplify these processes. The findings indicate that rising global temperatures are expected to drive a significant increase in wildfires—especially in boreal (high-latitude) regions—leading to a corresponding rise in iron emissions and ocean nutrient supply, which could greatly enhance phytoplankton growth.

“Climate-driven fires are becoming more frequent due to higher temperatures and lower humidity—conditions closely linked to human-induced climate change,” explained Professor Carlos Pérez García-Pando, ICREA and AXA Chair at BSC and senior co-author of the study. “Understanding how these fires fertilize critical ocean regions like the North Atlantic is essential for more accurately predicting future atmospheric CO₂ levels.”

Using sophisticated climate models, the researchers projected that iron emissions from boreal wildfires could increase by up to 1.8 times compared to estimates that only account for direct human impact. This nutrient influx could boost phytoplankton productivity in iron-limited areas of the North Atlantic by up to 40% during summer months by century’s end.

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Phytoplankton are foundational to marine ecosystems and are a major driver of carbon sequestration through photosynthesis. Thus, the wildfire-driven iron enrichment of the oceans represents a potentially significant feedback mechanism in the Earth’s climate system.

However, the study also points to potential limitations: climate change is projected to reduce the availability of other key nutrients in many ocean regions, which could counteract the benefits of increased iron deposition and weaken the ocean's overall capacity to absorb CO₂.

“Quantifying this source of nutrients for phytoplankton gives us a clearer picture of future CO₂ retention in the atmosphere,” said Elisa Bergas-Massó, BSC researcher and lead author. “By examining how climate-driven fires alter ocean nutrient dynamics, we're identifying a key Earth system feedback that is critical to our understanding of climate change.”

The research highlights the importance of a multidisciplinary approach to climate science, combining atmospheric chemistry, marine biology, and policy. Improved observational tools and modeling techniques are essential to fully understand how fire-driven nutrient cycles will shape ocean health and global climate outcomes.

“These findings are vital for refining our predictions of the carbon cycle and the future state of the oceans,” added Maria Gonçalves Ageitos, BSC and UPC researcher and senior co-author. “They provide a stronger foundation for next-generation climate models and more informed adaptation strategies as we face an increasingly fire-prone world.”